France began to establish colonies in North America, the Caribbean and India in the 17th century but lost most of its possessions following its defeat in the Seven Years' War. Four years later, claiming the Tahitians had violated the treaty, a French protectorate was forcibly installed and the queen made to sign a request for French protection. Those goals were rejected by the Moslem Arabs, who prized mental agility and their distinctive religious tradition. A few years later, in 1608, Samuel De Champlain founded Quebec, which was to become the capital of the enormous, but sparsely settled, fur-trading colony of New France (also called Canada). … They did not establish colonial school systems with the idea of furthering the ambitions of the local people, but rather simply exported the systems and methods in vogue in the mother nation. Paris and Madrid agreed to collaborate to destroy it. To carry out his new overseas projects, Napoleon III created a new Ministry of the Navy and the Colonies and appointed an energetic minister, Prosper, Marquis of Chasseloup-Laubat, to head it. Many other Arab states consider the motion, hoping to create a counterweight in the region to the US/Israel bloc and considering the … [31] Picot proceeded with negotiations with neither the oversight of the French president nor the cabinet. It also provided manpower in the World Wars.[10]. TBD. In the Protectorate of Morocco, the French administration attempted to use urban planning and colonial education to prevent cultural mixing and to uphold the traditional society upon which the French depended for collaboration, with mixed results. Share your thoughts, experiences and the tales behind the art. The North American possessions were ceded to Britain and Spain but the later retroceded Louisiana (New France) back to France in 1800 . We dreamt of a France without Dictators, Where sons never raised their hands against fathers, Where Frenchmen lived at peace with their fellow Frenchman by their side, So I say let us work together comrades in our quest for an Empire that is Boundless, United and Free! At the beginning of the twentieth century there may have been between 3 and 3.5 million slaves, representing over 30 percent of the total population, within this sparsely populated region. The French succeeded in subduing the guerilla forces on Tahiti but failed to hold the other islands. In 1914 the chief pressure group was the Parti colonial, a coalition of 50 organizations with a combined total of only 5000 members. The principles upon which the French constitution is based are representative government (by two chambers), manhood suffrage, responsibility of ministers and irresponsibility of the head of the state. The Pied-Noir (Catholic migrants from Europe) welcomed this. French officials estimated the number of Malagasy killed from a low of 11,000 to a French Army estimate of 89,000.[99]. "[15] Nevertheless, French colonization dramatically impacted its colonies through policies and systems that entrenched internal strife, lack of economic diversity, aid dependency, and loss of cultural treasures. Critics of neocolonialism claimed that the Françafrique had replaced formal direct rule. Renames Nation Française by Third French Empire (Troisième Empire français) Please, don't reupload this mod. [66], The Voulet–Chanoine Mission, a military expedition, set out from Senegal in 1898 to conquer the Chad Basin and to unify all French territories in West Africa. The legislative power resides in these two chambersthe Senate and the Chamber of Deputies; the executive is vested in the president of the republic and the ministers. He won early military victories in the War of the Third Coalition against Austria, Prussia, Russia, Portugal, and allied nations. Mar 2012 2,836 New Amsterdam Apr 18, 2012 #1 Just for fun, with a POD of 1898, what chain of events would have had to occur to establish a Third French Empire ruled by Louis Napoleon VI that controls France and Belgium. Welcome to Reddit, the front page of the internet. [29] He had visited China and India and had an encounter with Akbar.[29]. It's the French Empire's ally and best friend. [114] Out of the 40,000 inhabitants on Guadeloupe, at the end of the 17th century, there were more than 26,000 blacks and 9,000 whites. Tensions between Britain and France heightened in Africa. They tried to oppose its completion by diplomatic pressures and by promoting revolts among workers. Completly fictive. Stanley Aquino • Speaker of the House. The Third French Empire was a devoirist totalitarian state that existed from 1922 to 1946. No such thing. Rebuilding an empire rebuilt French prestige, especially regarding international power and spreading the French language and the Catholic religion. African soldiers had success in the Battle of Verdun and failure in the Nivelle Offensive, but in general regardless of their usefulness, French generals did not think highly of their African troops. France also extended its influence in North Africa after 1870, establishing a protectorate in Tunisia in 1881 with the Bardo Treaty. After the fall of the Second Empire and the suppression of the Paris Commune, the new Constitutional Laws of 1875 were adopted, establishing a regime based on parliamentary supremacy. Have fun ! It was a republican parliamentary democracy that was created on September 4, 1870 following the collapse of the Empire of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War. Major revolts in Indochina and Algeria proved very expensive and France lost both colonies. The British remained officially neutral during the war but diplomatic tensions existed between the French and British. The Americans had far more money, as USAID coordinated and funded the activities of expert teams, and particularly of academic missions. There also were complications and delays in the New Hebrides Vanuatu, which was the last to gain independence in 1980. Ad Honorem. Composed of the deputies representing Paris and formally headed by General Louis-Jules Trochu, the new government’s most forceful member was Léon Gambetta, hero of the radical republicans. The French Third Republic, (in French, Troisième Republique, sometimes written as IIIème Republique) (1870/75-1940/46), was the governing body of France between the Second Empire … in, Edward Robert Adair, "France and the Beginnings of New France. When World War II began, the French dictator Phillipe Sousbois, formerly the leader of the NNF, announced that instead of risking his new nation to a possible fumble, he declared neutrality from the war. ", Smith, Tony. Become a Redditor. A Reassessment of the Parti Colonial, 1890-1914", T. G. Otte, "From 'War-in-Sight' to Nearly War: Anglo–French Relations in the Age of High Imperialism, 1875–1898,", Linden A. Mander, "The New Hebrides Condominium. The French continued the guise of protection until the 1880s when they formally annexed Tahiti with the abdication of King Pōmare V on 29 June 1880. Demonym. Battle casualties for the campaign were at least 15,000 killed or wounded and 8,500 prisoners for France; 50,000 killed or wounded and 15,000 prisoners for Turkey, Egypt, other Ottoman lands, and Britain.[37]. As it developed, the new French empire took on roles of trade with the motherland, supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items. They sharply disagreed on goals. In September 1860, however, he and the Empress Eugénie visited Algeria, and the trip made a deep impression upon them. ", Smith, Tony. [48], Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Algerians, out of a total of 3 million, were killed within the first three decades of the conquest as a result of war, massacres, disease and famine. The eastern half of Hispaniola (today's Dominican Republic) also came under French rule for a short period, after being given to France by Spain in 1795.[26]. [76] David P. Forsythe wrote: "From Senegal and Mauritania in the west to Niger in the east (what became French Africa), there was a parallel series of ruinous wars, resulting in tremendous numbers of people being violently enslaved. The conflict ended in 1897 with the capture and exile of rebel leaders to New Caledonia and more than one hundred rebels to the Marquesas. By 1857 the army had conquered Kabyle Province, and pacified the country. The Empire is ruled by the Emperor and his 2 Archdukes Emperor: FrancaisHuette Archduke(s): Boywolfpup, MrCrazyNoodles, and xX_Wheland_Xx The Empire was founded to eliminate the Nova European Republic's democracy and make a Monarchy Flag of the Empire the Tricolor of France The Empire is … He also freed the Algerian rebel leader Abd al Qadir (who had been promised freedom on surrender but was imprisoned by the previous administration) and gave him a stipend of 150,000 francs. At several points war seemed possible, but no outbreak occurred. Whole swathes of the Northern and eastern areas were fought over with the land being damaged for many years. "From colonialism to post-colonialism: the French empire since Napoleon." [117] In just a few months in 1962, 900,000 French Algerians left Algeria in the largest relocation of population in Europe since World War II. It replaced the Second French Empire and was ushered in during the Franco-Prussian War. "A comparative study of French and British decolonization. What resulted was Britain giving 9/10 of Cameroon to the French. Pre-pandemic movie scenes that now seem jarring. Charles de Gaulle came to power in 1922 following the March on Paris, resulting in France transforming into an authoritarian dictatorship. Also in Indochina, Ho Chi Minh's Viet Minh, which was backed by the Soviet Union and China, declared Vietnam's independence, which started the First Indochina War. Sep 11, 2009 2.300 1. In Senegal in West Africa, the French began to establish trading posts along the coast in 1624. [47], Algeria had been formally under French rule since 1830, but only in 1852 was the country entirely conquered. For the French-speaking portion of Africa, see, Set of territories that were under French rule primarily from the 17th century to the late 1960s, French colonial empire 17th century-20th century, Second French colonial empire (after 1830), New Caledonia becomes a French possession (1853–54), France in Indochina and the Pacific (1858–1870), Intervention in Syria and Lebanon (1860–1861), Revolt in North Africa Against Spain and France, Mathew Burrows, "'Mission civilisatrice': French cultural policy in the Middle East, 1860–1914. Alterations or modifications of the constitution can only be effected by the National Assembly, consisting of both chambers sitting together ad hoc. The French colonial empire began to fall during the Second World War, when various parts were occupied by foreign powers (Japan in Indochina, Britain in Syria, Lebanon, and Madagascar, the United States and Britain in Morocco and Algeria, and Germany and Italy in Tunisia). With the death (April 1900) of the Muslim warlord Rabih az-Zubayr, the greatest ruler in the region, and the creation of the Military Territory of Chad (September 1900), the Voulet-Chanoine Mission had accomplished all its goals. Including metropolitan France, the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 11,500,000 km2 (4,400,000 sq mi) in 1920, with a population of 110 million people in 1936. [49][50] French losses from 1830 to 1851 were 3,336 killed in action and 92,329 dead in the hospital. ", Andrew, C. M., and A. S. Kanya-Forstner. [27] Two ships, the Croissant and the Corbin, were sent around the Cape of Good Hope in May 1601. Nash, Gary B., Julie Roy Jeffrey, John R. Howe, Peter J. Frederick, Allen F. Davis, Allan M. Winkler, Charlene Mires, and Carla Gardina Pestana. [105][106], The French Union was replaced in the Constitution of 1958 by the French Community. [75], French conservatives had been denouncing the assimilationist policies as products of a dangerous liberal fantasy. In World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French took control of the overseas colonies one-by-one and used them as bases from which they prepared to liberate France. By the 1970s, says Robert Aldrich, the last "vestiges of empire held little interest for the French." [81], Tunisia was exceptional. While Napoleon did renounce state claims to tribal lands, he also began a process of dismantling tribal land ownership in favour of individual land ownership. By 1917, France had recruited 270,000 African soldiers. Density. PikPng encourages users to upload free artworks without copyright. A distinction is generally made between the "First French Colonial Empire," that existed until 1814, by which time most of it had been lost or sold, and the "Second French Colonial Empire", which began with the conquest of Algiers in 1830. The main criticism was the high level of violence and suffering among the natives. Without the appetite of New England for land, and by relying solely on Aboriginals to supply them with fur at the trading posts, the French composed a complex series of military, commercial, and diplomatic connections. The Third Anglo-Burmese War, in which Britain conquered and annexed the hitherto independent Upper Burma, was in part motivated by British apprehension at France advancing and gaining possession of territories near to Burma. The French colonial empire was constituted of the overseas colonies, protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 17th century onward. [39], In 1838, the French naval commander Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars responded to complaints of the mistreatment of French Catholic missionary in the Kingdom of Tahiti ruled by Queen Pōmare IV. [51][52], In the first eight years of his rule Napoleon III paid little attention to Algeria. Areas of French settlement were generally limited to the St. Lawrence River Valley. Some few colonies chose instead to remain part of France, under the status of overseas départements (territories). Including metropolitan France, … "The French 'Colonial Party': Its Composition, Aims and Influence, 1885-1914. One of the first demands of the emerging nationalist movement after World War II was the introduction of full metropolitan-style education in French West Africa with its promise of equality with Europeans. In 1854, Napoleon III named an enterprising French officer, Louis Faidherbe, to govern and expand the colony, and to give it the beginning of a modern economy. ", Mimi Sheller, "The 'Haytian Fear': Racial Projects and Competing Reactions to the First Black Republic.". In February 1847, Queen Pōmare IV returned from her self-imposed exile and acquiesced to rule under the protectorate. FR and ENG Replaces Pétain by Napoléon VI. However, the French Community dissolved itself in the midst of the Algerian War; almost all of the other African colonies were granted independence in 1960, following local referendums. Historians in the 1930s and 1940s often disparaged the Second Empire as a precursor of fascism. ", J.P. Daughton, "Behind the Imperial Curtain: International Humanitarian Efforts and the Critique of French Colonialism in the Interwar Years,", Robert Aldrich, "France and the Patrimoine of the Empire: Heritage Policy under Colonial Rule,", Caroline Ford, "Museums after Empire in Metropolitan and Overseas France,", Joseph R. De Benoist, "The Brazzaville Conference, or Involuntary Decolonization.". [22][23], In 1699, French territorial claims in North America expanded still further, with the foundation of Louisiana in the basin of the Mississippi River. [27][28] François Martin de Vitré was the first Frenchman to write an account of travels to the Far East in 1604, at the request of Henry IV, and from that time numerous accounts on Asia would be published. The French constitution of 27 October 1946 (Fourth Republic), established the French Union which endured until 1958. France generally had close to the slowest natural population growth in Europe, and emigration pressures were therefore quite small. A clause to the war settlement, known as the Jarnac Convention or the Anglo-French Convention of 1847, was signed by France and Great Britain, in which the two powers agreed to respect the independence of Queen Pōmare's allies in Leeward Islands. These were restored at the Treaty of Amiens in 1802, but when war resumed in 1803, the British soon recaptured them. ", Bennington, Alice. Encouraging settlement was difficult, and while some immigration did occur, by 1763 New France only had a population of some 65,000. The French Empire has foreign relations with most countries in the world. Anti-French factions in the kingdom of Huahine also attempted to fight off the French under Queen Teuhe while the kingdom of Bora Bora remained neutral but hostile to the French. In the wake of the Great Depression in the 1930s, two radical factions rose to dominance in France and its colonies. Third French Empire is a group on Roblox owned by LukaSmith with 7 members. [107], Robert Aldrich argues that with Algerian independence in 1962, it appeared that the Empire practically had come to an end, as the remaining colonies were quite small and lacked active nationalist movements. https://sargista-wiki.fandom.com/wiki/Third_French_Empire?oldid=617. French colonial expansion was not limited to the New World. The war dragged on until 1954, when the Viet Minh decisively defeated the French at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ in northern Vietnam, which was the last major battle between the French and the Vietnamese in the First Indochina War. The French colonial empire constituted the overseas colonies, protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward. The Third French Colonial Empire of Galster is a gargantuan, genial nation, ruled by Napoléon VII with an iron fist, and remarkable for its museums and concert halls, free-roaming dinosaurs, and devotion to social welfare. The Second French Empire (French: Second Empire), officially the French Empire (French: Empire français), was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.. He built schools, bridges, and systems to supply fresh water to the towns. The movements of Ferhat Abbas and Messali Hadj had marked the period between the two world wars, but both sides radicalised after the Second World War. Since the 1980s the French government has opened new museums of colonial artifacts including the Musée du Quai Branly and the Cité Nationale de l’Histoire de l’Immigration, in Paris; and the Maison des Civilisations et de l’Unité Réunionnaise in Réunion. After years of diplomatic negotiation, Britain and France agreed to abrogate the convention in 1887 and the French formally annexed all the Leeward Islands without official treaties of cession from the islands' sovereign governments. The Third French Empire. [87], While the first stages of a takeover often involved the destruction of historic buildings in order to use the site for French headquarters, archaeologists and art historians soon engaged in systematic effort to identify, map and preserve historic sites, especially temples such as Angkor Wat, Champa ruins and the temples of Luang Prabang. In 1825 Charles X sent an expedition to Haïti, resulting in the Haiti indemnity controversy. Ho Chi Minh and other young radicals in Paris formed the French Communist party in 1920. However, there was trouble in French Somaliland (Djibouti), which became independent in 1977. ", James E. Genova, "Conflicted missionaries: power and identity in French West Africa during the 1930s. Share your thoughts, experiences and the tales behind the art. He secures the agreement of some major Arab states (Lebanon, Syria and Palestine) to join a French commonwealth leading to a merger of states. However, France formally relinquished its protectorate over Morocco and granted it independence in 1956. Acadia itself was lost to the British in the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. A small but significant emigration, numbering only in the tens of thousands, of mainly Roman Catholic French populations led to the settlement of the provinces of Acadia, Canada and Louisiana, both (at the time) French possessions, as well as colonies in the West Indies, Mascarene islands and Africa. The Empire and its Emperor. Thank you ! French. He won early military victories in the … [108] The Indian Ocean island of Mayotte voted in referendum in 1974 to retain its link with France and forgo independence. The French made their last major colonial gains after World War I, when they gained mandates over the former territories of the Ottoman Empire that make up what is now Syria and Lebanon, as well as most of the former German colonies of Togo and Cameroon. While ostensibly well-intentioned, in effect this move destroyed the traditional system of land management and deprived many Algerians of land. Flag. The Second French Empire (French language: Le Second Empire Français) was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France. The Algerian War started in 1954. A hallmark of the French colonial project in the late 19th century and early 20th century was the civilising mission (mission civilisatrice), the principle that it was Europe's duty to bring civilisation to benighted peoples. Prior to the establishment of the 1663 Sovereign Council, the territories of New France were developed as mercantile colonies. [38], The beginnings of the second French colonial empire were laid in 1830 with the French invasion of Algeria, which was conquered over the next 17 years. The French Third Republic (French: La Troisième République, sometimes written as La III e République) is the term uised tae denote the seestem o govrenment adoptit in Fraunce frae 1870, when the Seicont French Empire collapsed, till 1940, when France's defeat bi Nazi Germany in Warld War II led tae the formation o the so-cried Vichy govrenment in Fraunce. At this time, the French also established colonies in the South Pacific, including New Caledonia, the various island groups which make up French Polynesia (including the Society Islands, the Marquesas, the Gambier Islands, the Austral Islands and the Tuamotus), and established joint control of the New Hebrides with Britain. As was pointed out in a 1927 treatise on French colonial law, the granting of French citizenship to natives "was not a right, but rather a privilege". Historian Tony Chafer argues: "In an effort to restore its world-power status after the humiliation of defeat and occupation, France was eager to maintain its overseas empire at the end of the Second World War. Mikel Reyes • Vice-President. True disaster came to what remained of France's colonial empire in 1791 when Saint Domingue (the Western third of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola), France's richest and most important colony, was riven by a massive slave revolt, caused partly by the divisions among the island's elite, which had resulted from the French Revolution of 1789. 'Civilizing' the populations of Africa through spreading language and religion, were used as justifications for many of the brutal practices that came with the French colonial project. Third French Empire. More importantly, Napoleon III changed the system of land tenure. [73], In 1905, the French abolished slavery in most of French West Africa. Napoleon III organized an international conference in Paris, where the country was placed under the rule of a Christian governor named by the Ottoman Sultan, which restored a fragile peace. [67], As a part of the Scramble for Africa, France aimed to establish a continuous west–east axis across the continent, in contrast with the proposed British north–south axis. Although the loss of Canada would cause much regret in future generations, it excited little unhappiness at the time; colonialism was widely regarded as both unimportant to France, and immoral.[33]. ", Thuy-Phuong Nguyen, "The rivalry of the French and American educational missions during the Vietnam War. The food-producing plantations of these colonies were built and sustained through slavery, with the supply of slaves dependent on the African slave trade. : France's 'civilising mission' and the establishment of a public education system in French West Africa, 1903-30. This expedition operated jointly with two other expeditions, the Foureau-Lamy and Gentil Missions, which advanced from Algeria and Middle Congo respectively. [83][84], In Algeria, the debate was polarized. France - France - The Third Republic: A provisional government of national defense was set up in 1870 and took as its first task the continuation of the war against the invaders. France's repurchase of Louisiana in 1800 came to nothing, as the success of the Haitian Revolution convinced Napoleon that holding Louisiana would not be worth the cost, leading to its sale to the United States in 1803. This policy of French colonial leaders determining France's African war aims can be seen throughout much of France's empire.[32]. This was interpreted by some Muslims as requiring them to give up parts of their religion to obtain citizenship and was resented. Napoleon III felt obliged to intervene on behalf of the Christians, despite the opposition of London, which feared it would lead to a wider French presence in the Middle East. "Writing Empire? [74] Two 1912 decrees dealing with French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa enumerated the conditions that a native had to meet in order to be granted French citizenship (they included speaking and writing French, earning a decent living and displaying good moral standards). Foccart supported in particular the Nigerian Civil War during the late 1960s. [18] But Spain's defense of its American monopoly, and the further distractions caused in France itself in the later 16th century by the French Wars of Religion, prevented any constant efforts by France to settle colonies. The result was to immerse the next generation of leaders in the growing anti-colonial diaspora centered in Paris. × • • • (Alternate History) Third French Empire Population ~ 500 Million . The French Empire achieved military supremacy in mainland Europe through notable victories in the War of the Third Coalition against Austria, Prussia, Russia, and allied nations, notably at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805. The French blamed education. Historians in the 1930s and 1940s often disparaged the Second Empire as a precursor of fascism. In 1804 Dessalines, the first ruler of an independent Haiti (St. Domingue), ordered the massacre of whites remaining on the island. ", Alf Andrew Heggoy, and Paul J. Zingg, "French education in revolutionary North Africa. It is an ally of the Greater Aryan Union. Newer remnants of the colonial empire were integrated into France as overseas departments and territories within the French Republic. … [20], New France had a rather small population, which resulted from more emphasis being placed on the fur trade rather than agricultural settlements. KANYA-FORSTNER. [78] Having a moderately trained lower bureaucracy was of great use to colonial officials. The Vietnamese ruler was compelled to cede three provinces to France, and to offer protection to the Catholics. The Ottoman authorities in Lebanon could not stop the violence, and it spread into neighboring Syria, with the massacre of many Christians. He built a new port at Dakar, established and protected telegraph lines and roads, followed these with a rail line between Dakar and Saint-Louis and another into the interior. These became the most enduring alliances between the French and the First Nation community. Napoleon III doubled the area of the French overseas Empire; he established French rule in New Caledonia, and Cochinchina, established a protectorate in Cambodia (1863); and colonized parts of Africa. On 1 September 1870, the Prussians were victorious at Sedan and Napoleon III was taken prisoner. There have been two French Empires under Napoleon I and Napoleon III; the term 'Third Empire' comes up whenever a President seems to be getting bigger ideas than the press likes. Arrest made in New Year's fatal shooting of 4-year-old. Apart from French-Canadians (Québécois and Acadians), Cajuns, and Métis other populations of French ancestry outside metropolitan France include the Caldoches of New Caledonia, the so-called Zoreilles, Petits-blancs with the Franco-Mauritian of various Indian Ocean islands and the Beke people of the French West Indies. During the First World War, after France had suffered heavy casualties on the Western Front, they began to recruit soldiers from their African empire. and join one of thousands of communities. (Alternate History) Third French Empire Population ~ 500 Million. in Martin S. Alexander, ed., Strother, Christian. This ended the time of the French Consulate. In 1664, the French East India Company was established to compete for trade in the east. In Paris, the Third Republic replaced the Second Empire on 4 September. In September 1858 the expeditionary force captured and occupied the port of Da Nang, and then in February 1859 moved south and captured Saigon. [21], Through alliances with various Native American tribes, the French were able to exert a loose control over much of the North American continent. The Third French Empire Time Period : 1940s Established : March 1930 The Third French Empire is a new rising Empire in Europe to crush everyone on its path and bring peace and security to the community. The political crisis in France caused the collapse of the Fourth Republic, as Charles de Gaulle returned to power in 1958 and finally pulled the French soldiers and settlers out of Algeria by 1962. »Third French Empire« _____ -Founded- ›1870‹ -Government Type- ›Unitar The lesser coat of arms of France as used by the, French intervention in the American Revolution, International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919), Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia", "The Black Man's Burden: The Cost of Colonization of French West Africa", "How the Legacy of French Colonization has Shaped Divergent Levels of Economic Development in East Asia: A Time-Series Cross-National Analysis", Slave Emancipation and the Expansion of Islam, 1905–1914, "Playboy, bon vivant and the last emperor of Vietnam: Bao Dai", "The Ambiguous Legacy of Ngô Đình Diệm in South Vietnam's Second Republic (1967–1975)", Mayotte votes to become France's 101st département, "TABLEAU 1 – ÉVOLUTION GÉNÉRALE DE LA SITUATION DÉMOGRAPHIQUE", "Code Officiel Géographique – La IIIe République (1919–1940)", France and the Americas: culture, politics, and history : a multidisciplinary encyclopedia. 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